Seller is mainly considered the last person selling something to user, as "Bold" in this para of def:

mtlb C agr seller hai to C say purchase krnay wala sale nahi kr sakta but is case main C suply krta hai aur retailer sale kray ga consumer or user ko,

A sale is the pinnacle activity involved in selling products or services in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity.

A sale is completed by the seller, the owner of the goods. It starts with consent (or agreement) to an acquisition or appropriation or request followed by the passing of title (property or ownership) in the item and the application and due settlement of a price, the douche of or any claim upon the item. The purchaser, though a party to the sale, does not execute the sale, only the seller does that. To be precise the sale completes prior to the payment and gives rise to the obligation of payment. If the seller completes the first two above stages (consent and passing ownership) of the sale prior to settlement of the price, the sale is still valid and gives rise to an obligation to pay.
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Mr. A purchased some grocery items from a departmental store. At the time of payment, he offered his credit card to the seller. The seller allowed Mr. A to leave with the goods. Why? Has Mr. A made the final payment?


Ans.


As Mr. A gives the credit card to the seller, he gets the payment from the bank after verifying the card and allow Mr. A to leave with things. But Mr. A has not paid the final payment as he is using the credit card and bank has paid the payment on his behalf at this time. Final payment will be done when Mr. A paid the credit amount to the bank.
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GDB QUESTION:



One of your friends, Ali has Rs. 5000 of which he can make either of the two investments offered by XYZ Corporation. On the basis of following information, you are requested to advise him which proposal he should prefer keeping in mind the NPV analysis. Support your decision with necessary calculation.

Proposal 1:

This proposal is for the period of 4 years i.e. 2009 to 2012 and the initial investment is Rs. 5000. Cash inflows are given below:



YearCash inflows (Rs.)

20092000

20103000

20114000

20123000


Proposal 2:

Other option is to invest Rs. 3000 in XYZ Corporation in the year 2009 which will provide him a steady cash inflow of Rs. 1000 for 4 years (year 2009-2012).

And the remaining Rs. 2000 in ABC Corporation in the year 2009 which will provide him a steady cash inflow of Rs. 2000 for 4 years (year 2009-2012).

Whereas, the commercial banks provide 10% return on PLS saving account.


Solution



NPV = − Io +PV (CF1) + PV (CF2) + PV (CF3) + PV (CF4) + ...+ ∞

NPV = -5000 + PV(2000) + PV(3000) + PV( 4000) + PV(3000)



NPV = -5000 + 2000/(1+.10) + 3000/(1+.10)^2 + 4000/(1+.10)^3 + 3000/(1+.10)^4

-5000+ 1818.18 + 2479.33 + 3005.25+ 2049.04 + 9351.82

NPV = 4351.82





Option No.2

NPV = -3000 + 1000/(1+.10) + 3000/(1+.10)^2 + 4000/(1+.10)^3 + 3000/(1+.10)^4

-3000 + 909.09 +826.45+751.31+683.01 = 169.86



NPV = -2000 + 2000/(1+.10) + 2000/(1+.10)^2 + 2000/(1+.10)^3 + 2000/(1+.10)^4

-2000+ 1818.18 +1652.89 +1502.63 + 1366.03 = 4339.73



option 2 = 169+4339.73 = 4509.59



So option 2 is better investment
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Q.1. WHICH THOERY OF COMMUNICTION IS PREFFERED ACCORDING TO YOU?

ANS: RHETORICAL THEORY:

Theory is preferable because it deals best with the business communication as business communication does not ends at reception of message sent by the sender.

According to rhetorical theory communication is circular rather than linear process it involves sending a message, reception of message by the recipient and then generating the desired response dynamical not static

This circular quality of communication is most important for business communication where the object is to achieve the desired response unlike electronic or social environmental theories that explain communication as a linear process

Q2 TRAITS OF A GOOD COMMUNICATOR

ANS: 1.GOOD LISTENER

First of all a good communicator must be a good listener .he pays full attention to everything the other person is communicating

2. CREATIVE THINKER

HE constantly thinks about the nature of the messages and expected responses by others. As a result he can anticipate what the other person’s response will be towards what particular message. This quality is also referred as perception

3. PRECISION

Precision can be in “structuring of message” as well as in “meeting of minds”

In structuring a message he uses right combination of words, accurate grammar and avoids use of same words to different persons

Meeting of minds means that he conveys message in such a manner that the receiver is appealed to desired response

4. CREDEBILITY

A communicator is believable. He tries to find out what is more important for the other person .others have faith in his words and intentions

5. CONGENIALITY

He maintains friendly atmosphere. Others are inspired by his way of communication and are ready to response whether they agree or disagree with him.

In fact he has a command and control over the recipients

Q.3 ROLE OF PROXIMTY AND ARTIFACT IN NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

ANS:

NONVERBAL COMMUNICTION

It is the part of communication not encoded in words e.g. facial expressions, tone of voice, environment etc

1. Role of proximity

Proximity means space or distance between two persons communicating with each other.

By altering physical distance from other people we communicate subtle messages such as our willingness to participate in dialogue or lack of interest

If perceived distance is inappropriate we become uncomfortable and communication is ineffective unless we adjust it by moving physically near or away from the other one

2 Roles of artifacts

Artifacts are objects of daily use that convey message about the communicator

Most important of these are appearance and clothing that directly affect personality.

Appearance of a person that is selection of clothing use of proper make over, hairstyle etc all are part of nonverbal communication that convey message about one’s personality and affect response. Even use of glasses and perfume is noticed

_______________________

Q1
Any action in which one person gives or takes information from other person, information can be about his needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. This communication may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.

Electronic Theory
• The message sent is accurate and can’t be changed on its way. There is a direct contact between sender and the receiver.
• It can be sent at its highest speed.
• We can communicate from where ever, whenever and what ever time we want.
• It is very much accessible for the busy people.
• It takes less time to reach the recipient.
• It is less costly.

On the whole we can say that electronic communication is not linear, but circular; not just sending a message to be received, but producing a response; not static, but dynamic.


Q2.
• Perception
• Precision
• Credibility
• Control
• Congeniality
Perception: A good communicator is able to predict how you will receive their message. They can guess or predict your reaction and shape the message accordingly.
Precision: They create a ‘meeting of the minds’. When they finish expressing themselves, they share the same mental picture.
Credibility: They are believable. They have faith in the substance of their message. You trust their information and their intentions.
Control: They shape your response. Depending on their purpose, they can make you laugh or cry, calm down, change your mind or take action.
Congeniality: They maintain friendly, pleasure relations with you regardless of whether you agree with them. Good communicators command your respond and good will. You are willing to work with them again, despite their differences.
A good communicator always takes care of the following aspects while communicating:

1. He gives his audience a framework for understanding the ideas he communicates.
2. He makes his message memorable.
3. He uses words that evoke a physical and sensory impression.
4. He provides limited the number of ideas at a time.
5. Tries to put that point into the priorities of the audience.
6. By highlighting and summarizing key points, you help your audience understand and remember the message.

Q3
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. In other words we can also call it; communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker.
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, a nonverbal signal reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes nonverbal response contradicts verbal communication and hence affects the effectiveness of message.
Nonverbal communication has the following elements:
Appearance including the speaker’s clothing, neatness, hairstyle, use of cosmetics; and of surroundings including room size, lighting, decoration, furnishing etc.
Body language which is consisting of facial expression, gestures, postures etc.
Sound can be the voice tone, volume, speech rate etc.

..............................

Answer of question no.1;



Communication is the Transmitting information from one person to other person.

Communication is considered effective when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver.

So in all the three theories of communication Rhetorical theory is considered the best one, as this theory is circular not linear .By this circular quality the business communication theory becomes more effective. It passes all the process of communication as;

1. Context /situation /environment.
2. Sender /encoder.
3. Message.
4. Medium.
5. Receiver /decoder.
6. Feedback.




Answer of question no.2;
Traits of good communicators

Good communications



Strong communication skills are found in every job description listed by companies advertising positions. Communication is a primary responsibility in many carriers, such as customer relations, labor relations, marketing personnel, public relations, sales and teaching.

So, every good communicator should be ability to communicate well.



Traits of good communicators

Good communicators have some traits to exchange their information, ideas, plans, and terms of the business transactions, make proposals, decisions, contracts and agreements. some are as follow;

1. Perception
2. Precision
3. Credibility
4. Control
5. Congeniality.

1) Perception



They are able to predict how you will receive their message. They anticipate your reaction and shape the message accordingly.

Perceptions vary from person to person. The world of reality is in fact a very complex world. What is the perception for one person may not be same for the other. To avoid misunderstanding of communication it is necessary that the sender and receiver take a common view of a situation.

2. Precision

They create a meeting of the minds, or structure of minds. For this they choose the best words or understandable words to convey their message.

3. Credibility.



Communicators are believable, for them there is important to getting favorable reaction. An effective communicator builds credibility by writing and speaking by considering receivers point of view.



4. Control



Their purpose is to make you laugh, cry, calm down, change your mind or take action.



5. Congeniality



They make the environment friendly, or pleasure relation with you whether you agree with them.

Good communicator makes you to wish to work with them again and again.


Answer of question number 3;



Non verbal communication



We the people also communicate nonverbally, that is without words. Often they express feelings more clearly than the spoken or written language.

Appearance, body language, silence, time space, smell and touch are the types of nonverbal communication.

Proximity



Proximity means physical space, how people make space with others to communicate the message. Personal spaces vary according to gender, status, roles, culture or position.

People also use their height and weight to convey their message .the use of space reflects the way people feel about others. in different cultures, people like to keep a certain distance from one another. In the United States, personal space in a two-person conversation is about 18 inches. the need for space is less in many middle eastern countries.

Artifacts

Artifacts are the appearance; appearance carries nonverbal impressions that affect receiver’s attitudes towards the verbal message even before they read or hear you. Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, jewelry, cosmetics, posture, and stature are part of personal appearance. They carry impressions regarding occupation, age, and job status. Appearance and cloth are important and highly visible parts of nonverbal communication.
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Solution:

Role of Information System in:

• Finance


Information system accumulated and analyzes financial data in order to make a good financial management decisions in running the business smoothly. The basic objective of the financial information system is to meet the firm's financial obligations as they come due, using the minimal amount of financial resources consistent with an established margin of safety. Outputs generated by the system include accounting reports, operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, cash flow forecast, and various What-If Analysis reports. The evaluation of financial data may be performed through ratio analysis, trend evaluation, and financial planning modeling. Financial planning and forecasting are facilitated if used in conjunction with a Decision Support System (DSS).

• Marketing

Marketing Information System is a routine, planned, gathering, sorting, storage and retrieval system for market information relevant to the operation of a particular business.

Most except the largest businesses do not have much of a marketing information system, if at all, with executives perhaps relying on reading a few trade publications and the monthly reports of their staff.

As far as I am aware you cannot buy a ready made marketing information system suitable for any market, rather you have to organize your own, specific to your markets, your staff and your decision needs.

The more volatile your markets, the more your organization wishes to get ahead of the pack, the more you wish to be a winner, the more you are able to respond to emerging opportunities or threats faster than your competition, the more you could perhaps benefit if you organized the routine gathering of up to date pertinent market information from within and without your organization so that it is to hand, to warn, and to present opportunities to your organization.

Production & Operation

The mechanisms by which information technology (IT) creates business value have been debated for over 40 years, starting with Leavitt and Whistler (1958). This paper examines one way in which IT creates value by complementing or substituting for other production inputs. For early IT applications, the value was generally viewed in terms of labor substitution; by using computers an organization could automate data storage and retrieval, conduct routine transaction processing and improve organizational communications. This reduces the need for file clerks, accountants and even middle managers, who traditionally performed those functions. Later, massive computerization of factories and equipment-intensive service operations (e.g., package delivery, air transport) created value by substituting capital. For example, computer-based scheduling and routing enabled transport vehicles to be used more effectively, reducing the need to expand fleets. Manufacturing automation systems boosted efficiency and utilization of existing facilities, permitting slower construction of new plants. Innovations in utilizing
information for supply chain management have made possible substantial reductions in raw materials and finished goods inventories.

Human Resource Management
The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, management, and accounting functions within a business. Normally packaged as a data base, hundreds of companies sell some form of HRIS and every HRIS has different capabilities. Pick your HRIS carefully based on the capabilities you need in your company.
Typically, the better The Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) provide overall:
Management of all employee information. Reporting and analysis of employee information. Company-related documents such as employee handbooks, emergency evacuation procedures, and safety guidelines. Benefits administration including enrollment, status changes, and personal information updating. Complete integration with payroll and other company financial software and accounting systems.
Applicant and resume management.
The HRIS that most effectively serves companies tracks:
• Attendance and PTO use,
• Pay raises and history,
• Pay grades and positions held,
• Performance development plans,
• Training received,
• Disciplinary action received,
• Personal employee information, and occasionally,
• Management and key employee succession plans,
• High potential employee identification, and
• Applicant tracking, interviewing, and selection.
An effective HRIS provides information on just about anything the company needs to track and analyze about employees, former employees, and applicants. Your company will need to select a Human Resources Information System and customize it to meet your needs.
With an appropriate HRIS, Human Resources staff enables employees to do their own benefits updates and address changes, thus freeing HR staff for more strategic functions. Additionally, data necessary for employee management, knowledge development, career growth and development, and equal treatment is facilitated. Finally, managers can access the information they need to legally, ethically, and effectively support the success of their reporting employees.



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CS 101 Introduction to Computing

Assignment # 01

Note: plz do make changes in the format or in the presentation so that it can not be rejected as “Copied Material”.


Question No. 1

As you have studied basic concept of “Semantic Web” in Lecture #3

You are required to read carefully the below listed definition of semantic web

“The semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.”

I need to know a very brief and precise description of the above highlighted words in a definition in your own words in a single paragraph. (Marks 5)

The Semantic Web is an evolving development of the World Wide Web in which the meaning (semantics) of information and services on the web is defined, making it possible for the web to understand and satisfy the requests of people and machines to use the web content. It derives from World Wide Web Consortium director Sir Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange.











Question No. 2

Convert the following binary and decimal number into their respective number system.

i) 396 = ( ? )2

Answer to Question # 2(i)

2 396
2 198 0
2 99 0
2 49 1
2 24 1
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1



Answer (396)10 = (110001100)2




ii) 101011 = ( ? )10 ( Marks 5)

Answer to Question # 2(ii)

1*25+0*24+1*23+0*22+1*21+1*20

1*2*2*2*2*2+0*2*2*2*2+1*2*2*2+0*2*2+1*2+1

32+8+2+1



43

Answer (101011)2 = (43)10





Question No. 3

Prove right hand side equal to left hand site by using truth table

((A+B.C).(A.C+B))’ =A’.B’+ A’.C’+B’.C’ ( Marks 5)

(NOTE: Fill the given table and make sure the sequence of input remains same as it is given in the table below)

Answer to Question # (3)
A B C B.C A.C A+B.C A.C+B A' B' C' A'.B' A'.C' B'.C' (A+B.C) .(A.C+B) ((A+B.C) .(A.C+B))’ A'.B'+A'.C' A’.B’+ A’.C’+B’.C’
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
A B C ((A+B.C) .(A.C+B))’ A’.B’+ A’.C’+B’.C’
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0



Hence Proved L.H.S = R.H.S
_________________

Note: We always try our best to upload/publish 100% correct solution but it is, therefore, requested to you, please review it before onward submission.
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Sr. No Transactions Account to be Debited Account to be Credited Increase or decrease (affect on accounts due to transactions)

1 Mr. A invested in business Rs.50,000 Cash Mr. A’s Capital Increase in asset Increase in Owner’s Equity

2 Purchased furniture for cash Rs.15,000 for office use Furniture Cash Increase in Asset Decrease in Asset

3 Paid salaries of Rs.4,000 to office staff Salaries Cash
Increase in Expense
Decrease In Asset

4 Received commission on sale of goods worth Rs.1,000 Cash Commission
Increase in Asset
Increase in Revenue

5 Received cash of Rs.1,000 from Mr.Bilal who owed him Rs. 2,000 for last 30 days on account of goods sold.
Cash

Mr. Bilal

Increase in Asset
Decrease in Asset
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Question 1:
If ba = 2a + b , then find 23 + 32 +1

Answer:-
If b^a = 2a + b,then for
2^3
a=3,b=2
Put the values of a and b
= 2a + b
=2(3) + 2
= 6 + 2
= 8
3^2
a=2,b=3
Put the values of a and b
= 2a+b
= 2(2) + 3
= 4+3
= 7
so
= 2^3 + 3^2 +1
= 8 + 7 + 1
=16


Question 2:
What is the main difference between Gross salary and Net salary?

Answer:-
Gross Salary is your total Salary before deductions and taxes have been subtracted.
Net Salary is your take-home salary after deductions.

Question 3:
The salary of an employee is as follows:
Basic salary = 45,000 Rs.
Allowances = 25,000 Rs.
What is the taxable income of employee?

Answer:-

% Allowances = (25000/45000) x 100 =55.55%
Allowed non-taxable allowances = 50% = 0.5 x 45000 = 22500 Rs.
Taxable allowances = 55.55% – 50% = 25000 - 22500 = 2500 Rs.
Hence 2500 Rs. of allowances are taxable.
Total taxable income = 45000 + 2500 = 47500 Rs.
Add back to the income of the company = 5.55% allowances = 2,500

Question 4:
A wooden door has a list price of Rs. 8500. A trade discount series of 10, 5, and 3
is offered. Find the amount of the discount and the net price.


Answer:-

Discount

List Price = 8500

Discount Rate = 10%

Discount = List price * Discount Rate

= 8500 * 10/100

= 850

Net price = list price – Discount

= 8500 – 850

= 7650



Discount

List Price = 8500

Discount Rate = 5%

Discount = List price * Discount Rate

= 8500 * 5/100
= 425

Net price = list price – Discount

= 8500 – 425

= 8075



Discount

List Price = 8500

Discount Rate = 3%

Discount = List price * Discount Rate

= 8500 * 3/100

= 255

Net price = list price – Discount

= 8500 – 255

= 8245


Question 5:



A person invests an amount of 7500 in a Bank at the rate of 9% per annum; find the compound interest by the

investor after 10 years.


Answer:-
S = Money accrued after n years
P = Principal = 7500
r = Rate = 9% per annum
n = Number of years = 10 years
S = P(1 + r/100)^ n


Put the values in formula

S = 7500(1+9/100)^10



S = 7500(1+0.9)^10



S = 7500(1.09)^10



S = 7500(2.367363675)



S = 17755.22756

Question 6:



For a simple annuity of Rs.2000/year for 5 years if money is worth:

then find this accumulated value.



Answer:-



FV = Future Value = ?

PMT = Periodic Payment Amount = 2000

N = Number of compounding periods = 5 years

I = Interest Rate = 9% = 0.09



FV = PMT [(1+i)^n – 1)/i]


FV = 2000 [(1+0.09)^5 – 1 /0.09]


FV = 2000 [(1.09)^5 – 1 /0.09]

FV = 2000 [(1.5386 – 1) /0.09]

FV = 2000 [(0.5386) /0.09]

FV = 2000 [5.9847]

FV = 11969.4

Question 7:


Suppose you make a saving of Rs. 50,000 at the end of each month, assume an interest of 7% compounded monthly, how much will you have accumulated at the end of 4 years?

Answer:-

FV = PMT [(1+i)^n – 1)/i]

FV = 50000 [(1+0.07/12)^48 – 1 /0.07/12]

FV = 50000 [(1.00583)^48 – 1 / 0.00583]

FV = 50000 [(1.32184– 1) / 0.00583]

FV = 50000 [(0.32184 /0.00583]

FV = 50000 [55.20]

FV = 2760000

_________________
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Solution:

Q1
Any action in which one person gives or takes information from other person, information can be about his needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. This communication may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.

Electronic Theory
• The message sent is accurate and can’t be changed on its way. There is a direct contact between sender and the receiver.
• It can be sent at its highest speed.
• We can communicate from where ever, whenever and what ever time we want.
• It is very much accessible for the busy people.
• It takes less time to reach the recipient.
• It is less costly.

On the whole we can say that electronic communication is not linear, but circular; not just sending a message to be received, but producing a response; not static, but dynamic.


Q2.
• Perception
• Precision
• Credibility
• Control
• Congeniality
Perception: A good communicator is able to predict how you will receive their message. They can guess or predict your reaction and shape the message accordingly.
Precision: They create a ‘meeting of the minds’. When they finish expressing themselves, they share the same mental picture.
Credibility: They are believable. They have faith in the substance of their message. You trust their information and their intentions.
Control: They shape your response. Depending on their purpose, they can make you laugh or cry, calm down, change your mind or take action.
Congeniality: They maintain friendly, pleasure relations with you regardless of whether you agree with them. Good communicators command your respond and good will. You are willing to work with them again, despite their differences.
A good communicator always takes care of the following aspects while communicating:

1. He gives his audience a framework for understanding the ideas he communicates.
2. He makes his message memorable.
3. He uses words that evoke a physical and sensory impression.
4. He provides limited the number of ideas at a time.
5. Tries to put that point into the priorities of the audience.
6. By highlighting and summarizing key points, you help your audience understand and remember the message.

Q3
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. In other words we can also call it; communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker.
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, a nonverbal signal reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes nonverbal response contradicts verbal communication and hence affects the effectiveness of message.
Nonverbal communication has the following elements:
Appearance including the speaker’s clothing, neatness, hairstyle, use of cosmetics; and of surroundings including room size, lighting, decoration, furnishing etc.
Body language which is consisting of facial expression, gestures, postures etc.
Sound can be the voice tone, volume, speech rate etc.

_____________________________________________

ENG301 (Business Communication)



Fall 2009
Assignment # 1 Total Marks: 15
Due Date: 21/10/2009


Objectives:
To asses students’ knowledge of the subject and to motivate them towards conceptual knowledge and practical application of the subject.

Instructions

1. Late assignments will not be accepted.
2. If the file is corrupt or problematic, it will be marked zero.
3. Plagiarism will never be tolerated. Plagiarism occurs when a student uses work done by someone else as if it was his or her own.
4. If any assignment is found copied work, no marks will be awarded and the case may be referred to the head of the academics for disciplinary action.
5. No assignment will be accepted via e-mail.
6. The file should be in Word doc form; the font color should be preferably black and font size can be 12 Times New Roman.

Question No.1 (5)

Which theory of communication do you prefer from three theories of communication present in your course and why?

Question No.2

(a)

Describe the traits of a good communicator. (5)

(b)

What is the role of proximity and artifacts in non verbal communication? (5)

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SOLUTION:



Role of Information System in:





Finance



Information system accumulated and analyzes financial data in order to make a good financial management decisions in running the business smoothly. The basic objective of the financial information system is to meet the firm's financial obligations as they come due, using the minimal amount of financial resources consistent with an established margin of safety. Outputs generated by the system include accounting reports, operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, cash flow forecast, and various What-If Analysis reports. The evaluation of financial data may be performed through ratio analysis, trend evaluation, and financial planning modeling. Financial planning and forecasting are facilitated if used in conjunction with a Decision Support System (DSS).

· Marketing



Marketing Information System is a routine, planned, gathering, sorting, storage and retrieval system for market information relevant to the operation of a particular business.



Most except the largest businesses do not have much of a marketing information system, if at all, with executives perhaps relying on reading a few trade publications and the monthly reports of their staff.

As far as I am aware you cannot buy a ready made marketing information system suitable for any market, rather you have to organize your own, specific to your markets, your staff and your decision needs.



The more volatile your markets, the more your organization wishes to get ahead of the pack, the more you wish to be a winner, the more you are able to respond to emerging opportunities or threats faster than your competition, the more you could perhaps benefit if you organized the routine gathering of up to date pertinent market information from within and without your organization so that it is to hand, to warn, and to present opportunities to your organization.

· Production & Operation



The mechanisms by which information technology (IT) creates business value have been debated for over 40 years, starting with Leavitt and Whistler (1958). This paper examines one way in which IT creates value by complementing or substituting for other production inputs. For early IT applications, the value was generally viewed in terms of labor substitution; by using computers an organization could automate data storage and retrieval, conduct routine transaction processing and improve organizational communications. This reduces the need for file clerks, accountants and even middle managers, who traditionally performed those functions. Later, massive computerization of factories and equipment-intensive service operations (e.g., package delivery, air transport) created value by substituting capital.



For example, computer-based scheduling and routing enabled transport vehicles to be used more effectively, reducing the need to expand fleets. Manufacturing automation systems boosted efficiency and utilization of existing facilities, permitting slower construction of new plants. Innovations in utilizing

information for supply chain management have made possible substantial reductions in raw materials and finished goods inventories.

· Human Resource Management



The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, management, and accounting functions within a business. Normally packaged as a data base, hundreds of companies sell some form of HRIS and every HRIS has different capabilities. Pick your HRIS carefully based on the capabilities you need in your company.



Typically, the better The Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) provide overall:



Management of all employee information. Reporting and analysis of employee information. Company-related documents such as employee handbooks, emergency evacuation procedures, and safety guidelines. Benefits administration including enrollment, status changes, and personal information updating. Complete integration with payroll and other company financial software and accounting systems.



Applicant and resume management.



The HRIS that most effectively serves companies tracks:

  • Attendance and PTO use,
  • Pay raises and history,
  • Pay grades and positions held,
  • Performance development plans,
  • Training received,
  • Disciplinary action received,
  • Personal employee information, and occasionally,
  • Management and key employee succession plans,
  • High potential employee identification, and
  • Applicant tracking, interviewing, and selection.


An effective HRIS provides information on just about anything the company needs to track and analyze about employees, former employees, and applicants. Your company will need to select a Human Resources Information System and customize it to meet your needs.



With an appropriate HRIS, Human Resources staff enables employees to do their own benefits updates and address changes, thus freeing HR staff for more strategic functions. Additionally, data necessary for employee management, knowledge development, career growth and development, and equal treatment is facilitated. Finally, managers can access the information they need to legally, ethically, and effectively support the success of their reporting employees.





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Q # 1: Solution



Explanation:

Session Layer is the 3rd Layer from sender side and 5th layer from the receiver side of International organization for standard’s (ISO) model. This layer instructs to create communication link between the sending and receiving machine via combination of protocols. The modes of communication are simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.



>>> Simplex means communication in one direction only.

>>> Half-duplex means communication in two directions but one party can send data at a time.

>>> Full-duplex means communication in two directions while both parties are able to send data at the same time.



It also places special checkpoints on data packets to trace any lost packets.



Q # 2: Solution



1. Larger address space

2. Provision for extension

3. Security Features

4. 128 bit address



Question No. 3



You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?


SOLUTION:



If we have four computers and a switch and we want to connect these computers using the switch, then “star topology” will be used.



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