January 2010

Archive for January 2010

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Solution #1

Size = 35200 LOC =35.2KLOC (thousand lines of cod)

1: Effort per month

Formula:

E=3.2*(size in KLOC)^1.05

E= 3.2*(35.2)^1.05

=3.2*(42.1)

=135

2: Time per month

Formula:

T= 2.5*(effort)^.38

=2.5*(135)^.38

=2.5*6.45

=16.1

3: No of people required

Formula:

Total no of people needed= effort/ total time to develop

=135/16.1

=8.39

Solution #2

Size = 12000 LOC therefore 12KLOC

1: effort per month

Formula:

E=EAF*3.2*(KLOC)^1.05

E=1.0*3.2*(12)^1.05

=1.0*3.2*(13.6)

=1.0*43.5

=43.5

2: time to develop it

Formula:

2.5*(effort)^.38

2.5*(43.5)^.38

=2.5*4.19

=10.5

3: no of people required

Formula:

Total no of people needed= effort/ total time to develop

=43.5/10.5

=4.14

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Admin

According to my point of view oral communications is better than written form of communication, because oral communication can be more personal than written communication.

It saves time, this is true in situation where split second decisions have to be made in the workspace, and the authorities may just give an oral communication

Can be recorded, due to various advantages in the electronic and communication devices, an oral communication can be recorded either as a voice message or even as a video recording

It leads to face to face, can be done on the spot and does not need writing skills.

Admin

(A)

Market clearing price condition

Quantity demanded = Quantity supplied

1600-125p = 440+165p

1600-440 = 165p+125p

1160 = 290p

P = 1160/290

Now: P = 4

Now putting values in the quantity demanded side or supply side

we are putting values in the quantity demanded side

Qd = 1600-125p

= 1600-125(4)

Qd = 1100

Part (b) P = 5.50

Then

Qd Qs

= 1600-125p = 440+165

= 1600-125(5.50) = 440+165(5.50)

Qd = 912. 5 Qs = 1347.5

Part (c) Now

Excess supply = Qd –Qs

= 912 .5 -1345.7

= -435

(Q =435) This quantity will Government buy

Part (B) P = 70$ , MC = 50

P =MC/1+ (1/Ed)

Elasticity of demanded is equal to Marginal Cost, Marginal cost is equal to price

So are all equal on equilibriums point

Ed = MC = P

We find “Ed”

MC = 50 , P =70

Ed = MC - P = 50 – 70 here is some dought

Ed = -20[/color][/b]

Admin

Question:

Do you think that Oral Communication is more effective than Written Communication?" Discuss.

Answer:

Oral communication can be significantly more effective in expressing meaning to an audience. This distinction between precision and effectiveness is due to the extensive repertoire of signals available to the speaker: gestures, intonation, inflection, volume, pitch, pauses, movement, visual cues such as appearance, and a whole host of other ways to communicate meaning. A speaker has significantly more control over what the listener will hear than the writer has over what the reader will read. For these techniques to be effective, however, the speaker needs to make sure that he or she has the audience's attention--audiences do not have the luxury of re-reading the words spoken. The speaker, therefore, must become a reader of the audience.

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Admin

Graded MDB for ENG301 will be opened on 1 February, 2010 and will remain open till February 2, 2010. The topic of this GMDB will be:

Business communication is a dynamic course which keeps itself updated with the new business demands. Comment.

Post your comments after inferring the above topic. Your comments should NOT exceed from 100 to 120 words.

Read the instructions carefully before sending your comments:

1. Graded MDB carries 5% weightage.

2. Your comments should be relevant to the topic, clear and concise.

3. Post your comments on the Graded MDB & not on the Regular MDB. Both will run in parallel during the time specified above.

4. Do not copy the comments of other Students, as no marks will be awarded for plagiarism.

5. Comments sent via e-mail or posted on regular MDB will not be graded.

6. Don’t send your comments twice.

----------------

solution

This dynamic course furthers your command of the Strategic Communication Model and prepares you for the complex communication functions you'll face in your professional career. You will apply your skills to both written and spoken communication. To develop your writing skills, you will focus on analyzing target audiences, editing, and designing professional business documents and support materials. To develop your presentation and delivery skills, you will focus on thorough organization and delivery of both prepared and impromptu speeches, spontaneous interaction in interviews and teams, and preparation of dynamic visual aids. Dynamic Business Communication is a highly interactive course that includes both individual and team projects.

----------------------------------------

Communication is the exchange of ideas, opinions and information through written or spoken words, symbols or actions.
Business Communication is any communication used to promote a product, service, or organization – with the objective of making sale. Message is conveyed through various channels of communication including internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor, and word of mouth.

In a new business demand communication exists.

Executing decisions
Sending and fulfilling orders
Conducting sales

It leads to better:
Sales volume
Public credibility

It should improve:
Overall performance
Public goodwill

Ultimately, it helps to achieve:
Organizational goals
Customer satisfaction

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Admin

Last Date 2nd February 2010

Mr. Ali is a vehicle manufacturer, he buys tires from a tire manufacturer and has to bear extra cost. But if he produces his own tires, he can reduce costs and get improved quality. Being a manager, which integrative strategy would you recommend and why?

Solutions:

As a manager of the firm I shall adopt Backward Integration policy since the cost of buying tires from the market is too high. This would give the firm a competitive edge by reducing cost and improving quality.

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Admin

Solution:

At eq. demand =supply
i.e.1600-125p = 440+165p
this gives p = 4 in 2007
b) Quantity demanded equation will change due to decrease in demand of exports but not due to policy of govt.
eq. of quantity supplied will not be affected.
At p=5.5 q supplied=1347.5
we can’t find q demanded because we don't know that what is the shift in demand the question is not clear. I have solved this question assuming that given demand function is inclusive of exports.
Ans 2. e= p / (marginal cost - p) = 70 /50-70 =-7/2

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Admin

Communication

“Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.”

Or in simple words;

Communication is the exchange of ideas, opinions and information through written or spoken words, symbols or actions.

Communication is a dialogue, not a monologue. In fact, communication is more concerned with a dual listening process. For communication to be effective, the message must mean the same thing to both the sender and the receiver.
Business Communication

Business Communication is any communication used to promote a product, service, or organization – with the objective of making sale.

In business communication, message is conveyed through various channels of communication including internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor, and word of mouth.

In business, communication is considered core among business, interpersonal skills and etiquette.

Historical Background

Thousands years ago, people use to communicate orally. Greeks use a phonetic alphabet written from left to right. After that, many books appeared on written communication principles. In a result of this, Greek started her very first library.

When communism was ruling China, communication had become the biggest challenge within the vast government as well as between government and people. 1st in China and then in Rome postal service was launched. After that paper and printing press was invented in china that made communication easier.

Hence, today’s principles of communications are founded on a mixture of ancient oral and written traditions.

Organization

The arrangements between individuals and groups in human society that structure relationships and activities (Business, Political, Religious or social).

In other words,

A group of people identified by shared interests or purpose, for example, a “Bank”.

Lifeblood of an Organization

Communication is the lifeblood of an organization. If we could somehow remove communication flows from an organization, we would not have an organization.

It is needed for:

* Exchanging information
* Exchanging options
* Making plans and proposals
* Reaching agreement
* Executing decisions
* Sending and fulfilling orders
* Conducting sales

When communication stops, organized activity ceases to exist. Individual uncoordinated activity returns in an organization. So, Communication in an organization, is as vital as blood for life.
Types of Business Communication

There are two types of business communication in an organization:

1. Internal Communication
2. External Communication

1.
Internal Communication

Communication within an organization is called “Internal Communication”.

It includes all communication within an organization. It may be informal or a formal function or department providing communication in various forms to employees.

Effective internal communication is a vital mean of addressing organizational concerns. Good communication may help to increase job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits and decrease grievances and turnover.

Under Internal Business Communication types there come;

a) Upward Communication
b) Downward Communication
c) Horizontal/Literal communication

a) Upward Communication

Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or from employees to management. Without upward communication, management works in a vacuum, not knowing if messages have been received properly, or if other problems exist in the organization.

By definition, communication is a two-way affair. Yet for effective two-way organizational communication to occur, it must begin from the bottom.

Upward Communication is a mean for staff to:
* Exchange information
* Offer ideas
* Express enthusiasm
* Achieve job satisfaction
* Provide feedback

b) Downward Communication

Information flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued (policies).

Downward communication generally provides enabling information – which allows a subordinate to do something.

e.g.: Instructions on how to do a task.

Downward communication comes after upward communications have been successfully established. This type of communication is needed in an organization to:

* Transmit vital information
* Give instructions
* Encourage 2-way discussion
* Announce decisions
* Seek cooperation
* Provide motivation
* Boost morale
* Increase efficiency
* Obtain feedback

Both Downward & Upward Communications are collectively called “Vertical Communication”

c) Horizontal/Literal communication

Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of work.Horizontal Communication is essential for:

* Solving problems
* Accomplishing tasks
* Improving teamwork
* Building goodwill
* Boosting efficiency

#
External Communication

Communication with people outside the company is called “external communication”. Supervisors communicate with sources outside the organization, such as vendors and customers.
It leads to better;

* Sales volume
* Public credibility
* Operational efficiency
* Company profits

It should improve

* Overall performance
* Public goodwill
* Corporate image

Ultimately, it helps to achieve

* Organizational goals
* Customer satisfaction

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Admin

1. Acid Test Ratio/Quick ratio = Current Assets – ( Inventory + Prepayments) / Current
Liabilities
= 36,279,168 – (1,667,425 + 267,422)/ 33,455,815
Acid test Ratio = 1.0345

2. Sales to working Capital = Net Sales / Working Capital

Net sales = 76,642,399
Working capital = current assets – current liabilities = 36,279,168 – 33,455,812 = 2,823,356
= 76,642,399 / 2,823,356
Sales to working Capital = 27.145 / 100 = 0.2714 %

PART 2
Solvency Ratio
1. Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholder Equity

= 61,387,778 / 10,315,060
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = 5.951

2. Time Interest Earned Ratio = EBIT / interest Expense

= 4,752,301 / 2,370,674
Time Interest Earned Ratio = 2

1. Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Lease payments / Interest Exp + Lease
Payment
= 4,752,301 + 1,392,776 / 1,392776 + 2,370,674
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = 1.63

PART 3

Profitability Ratios

1. Gross Profit Margin = Gross profit / Net Sales * 100

= 7,404,163 / 76,642,399 * 100
Gross Profit Margin= 9.66 %

2. Operating Profit Margin = Operating profit / Net sales * 100

= 2,979,911 / 76,642,399 * 100

Operating Profit Margin = 3.9 %

3. Pretax Margin = Net earnings + Income Tax / Net Sales

Net Earnings = 991,067
Income Tax = 1,390,560
Net Sales = 76,642,399

= 991,067 + 1,390,560 / 76,642,399

Pretax Margin = 0.031 * 100 = 3.1%

4. Net Profit Margin = Net Pr ofit After Tax / Revenue * 100%

= 991,067 / 76,642,399 * 100
Net Profit Margin = 1.29 %

5. Return on Equity (ROE) = NP after Tax / Shareholder Equity * 100

= 991,067 / 10,315,060 * 100
Return on Equity (ROE) = 9.6

6. Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets * 100

= 991, 067 / 71,702,838 * 100
ROA = 1.382

PART 4

Activity Ratios

1. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Avg. Inventory

CGS = 69,238,236
Avg. Inventory = Open stock + Closing Stock / 2

= 1,391,068 + 1,667,425 / 2
Avg. Inventory = 1,529,247

= 69,238,236 / 1,529,247

Inventory Turnover = 45.24

2. Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Sales / Avg. Account receivable

= 76,642,399 / 18,053,051

Accounts Receivable Turnover = 4.245 Times

3. Accounts payable turnover = CGS / Avg. Account payable

= 69,238,236 / 27,809,479
Accounts payable turnover = 2.489 times

4. Average collection period = (Trade Debtors × No. of Working Days) / Net Credit Sales

Accounts Receivable = 20,045,028
No. of Working Days = 360
Net Credit Sales = 76,642,399

= 20,045,028 * 360 / 76,642,399
= 94 days

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