Herzberg two factor theory

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory is a "content theory" of motivation" (the other main one is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs).

Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why.

From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction:

Hygiene Factors

Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include:

- Company policy and administration

- Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration

- Quality of supervision

- Quality of inter-personal relations

- Working conditions

- Feelings of job security

Motivator Factors

Motivator factors are based on an individual's need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include:

- Status

- Opportunity for advancement

- Gaining recognition

- Responsibility

- Challenging / stimulating work

- Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job

There is some similarity between Herzberg's and Maslow's models. They both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e.g. self-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed.

Applying Hertzberg's model to de-motivated workers

What might the evidence of de-motivated employees be in a business?

- Low productivity

- Poor production or service quality

- Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships

- Complaints about pay and working conditions

According to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect. He suggested three ways in which this could be done:

JOB ENLARGEMENT

JOB ROTATION

JOB ENRICHMENT

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The Two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and Dual-Factor Theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. It was developed by Frederick Herzberg, a psychologist, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other.

Two-factor theory fundamentals: Attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Maslow's theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable theoretical, as well as a practical, influence on attitudes toward administration. According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work, for example, those associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. Rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. So far, this appears to parallel Maslow's theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives lead to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in unpleasurable dissatisfaction.The two-factor, or motivation-hygiene theory, developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with a large number of engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area. From analyzing these interviews, he found that job characteristics related to what an individual does — that is, to the nature of the work he performs — apparently have the capacity to gratify such needs as achievement, competency, status, personal worth, and self-realization, thus making him happy and satisfied. However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not appear to lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavorable assessments of such job-related factors as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. Thus, if management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself — the opportunities it presents for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and for achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions.If management is equally concerned with both, (as is usually the case), then managers must give attention to both sets of job factors.Two-factor theory distinguishes between:

• Motivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth,and

• Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions) that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary.
  

Essentially, hygiene factors are needed to ensure an employee is not dissatisfied. Motivation factors are needed to motivate an employee to higher performance. Herzberg also further classified our actions and how and why we do them, for example, if you perform a work related action because you have to then that is classed as movement, but if you perform a work related action because you want to then that is classed as motivation.Unlike Maslow, who offered little data to support his ideas, Herzberg and others have presented considerable empirical evidence to confirm the motivation-hygiene theory, although their work has been criticized on methodological grounds.

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First set of response shows that the lower level managers and workers are more motivated with Hygiene factors and the top level management is interested in the motivation factors. Moreover, as the numbers were allotted as per the importance. The sets reflects that lower level management has given more importance to Hygienic factors and giving least importance to status type of things. On the other hand, high level managers gave importance to status and respect aspects which is a reflection that they give least importance to hygiene. therefore, they are satisfied with theses conditions. Its my idea , what do you say friends.

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Here is what I think, since we have a bumper cotton crop, we will not increase any other prices except for the ones asked by the question.
That way:

	Per Unit Cost	Annual Required Units	Ordering Cost for One Order	Carrying Costs
Previous Contract	500	12,500	2000	10%
Proposed Contract	500	15,625	2000	12%

Moving on , 
EOQ = [(2xRUxOC)/(UCxCC%)]^1/2

Total Ordering Cost= Required Units/Order Quantity = Number of Orders
= Number of Orders x Cost per Order
Total Carrying Cost = Ordering Quantity/2 = Average Ordering Quantity
=Carry Cost per Unit = Unit Cost x CC%
= Average Ordering Quantity x Carrying Cost Per Unit
Total Cost = Total Ordering Cost x Total Carrying Cost
Per Unit Cost = Total Cost/Order Quantity 

	Order Quantity	Total Ordering Cost	Total Carry Cost	Total Cost	Per Unit Cost
Previous Contract	1000	25000	25000	50000	50
Proposed Contract	1020.6	31250	30618	61868	60.62

Hence Accountant is right.

complete solution available at Virtual University of Pakistan

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NetBeans IDE Java Quick Start Tutorial

Welcome to NetBeans IDE!
This tutorial provides a very simple and quick introduction to the NetBeans IDE workflow by walking you through the creation of a simple "Hello World" Java console application. Once you are done with this tutorial, you will have a general knowledge of how to create and run applications in the IDE.
This tutorial takes less than 10 minutes to complete.
After you finish this tutorial, you can move on to the learning trails, which are linked from the Documentation, Training & Support page. The learning trails provide comprehensive tutorials that highlight a wider range of IDE features and programming techniques for a variety of application types. If you do not want to do a "Hello World" application, you can skip this tutorial and jump straight to the learning trails.
Contents

• Setting Up the Project
• Adding Code to the Generated Source File
• Compiling and Running the Application
• Building and Deploying the Application
• Next Steps

To complete this tutorial, you need the following software and resources.

Software or Resource	Version Required
NetBeans IDE	version 7.2
Java Development Kit (JDK)	version 6 or version 7

Setting Up the Project

To create an IDE project:

1. Start NetBeans IDE.
2. In the IDE, choose File > New Project (Ctrl-Shift-N), as shown in the figure below.
   
3. In the New Project wizard, expand the Java category and select Java Application as shown in the figure below. Then click Next.
   
4. In the Name and Location page of the wizard, do the following (as shown in the figure below):
   
   • In the Project Name field, type HelloWorldApp.
   • Leave the Use Dedicated Folder for Storing Libraries checkbox unselected.
   • In the Create Main Class field, type helloworldapp.HelloWorldApp.
   
   
   
5. Click Finish.

The project is created and opened in the IDE. You should see the following components:

• The Projects window, which contains a tree view of the components of the project, including source files, libraries that your code depends on, and so on.
• The Source Editor window with a file called HelloWorldApp open.
• The Navigator window, which you can use to quickly navigate between elements within the selected class.

Adding Code to the Generated Source File

Because you have left the Create Main Class checkbox selected in the New Project wizard, the IDE has created a skeleton main class for you. You can add the "Hello World!" message to the skeleton code by replacing the line:

// TODO code application logic here with the line:

System.out.println("Hello World!"); Save the change by choosing File > Save.
The file should look something like the following code sample.

/* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package helloworldapp; /** * * @author <your name> */ public class HelloWorldApp { /** * @param args the command line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } } Compiling and Running the Program

Because of the IDE's Compile on Save feature, you do not have to manually compile your project in order to run it in the IDE. When you save a Java source file, the IDE automatically compiles it.
The Compile on Save feature can be turned off in the Project Properties window. Right-click your project, select Properties. In the Properties window, choose the Compiling tab. The Compile on Save checkbox is right at the top. Note that in the Project Properties window you can configure numerous settings for your project: project libraries, packaging, building, running, etc.
To run the program:

• Choose Run > Run Project (F6).

The next figure shows what you should now see.

Congratulations! Your program works!
If there are compilation errors, they are marked with red glyphs in the left and right margins of the Source Editor. The glyphs in the left margin indicate errors for the corresponding lines. The glyphs in the right margin show all of the areas of the file that have errors, including errors in lines that are not visible. You can mouse over an error mark to get a description of the error. You can click a glyph in the right margin to jump to the line with the error.
Building and Deploying the Application

Once you have written and test run your application, you can use the Clean and Build command to build your application for deployment. When you use the Clean and Build command, the IDE runs a build script that performs the following tasks:

• Deletes any previously compiled files and other build outputs.
• Recompiles the application and builds a JAR file containing the compiled files.

To build your application:

• Choose Run > Clean and Build Project (Shift-F11)

You can view the build outputs by opening the Files window and expanding the HelloWorldApp node. The compiled bytecode file HelloWorldApp.classis within the build/classes/helloworldapp subnode. A deployable JAR file that contains the HelloWorldApp.class is within the dist node.

For information on how to run the application from the command line, see the Starting Your Java Application chapter of the Packaging and Distributing Java Applications tutorial.

I have completed my assignment and uploaded to lms
The only trick is to create the checkboxes array and use for(JCheckBox box: array) to get the checked values. then use sql query "Select * from Students where Grades IN('a','b');
I am giving the idea but not the whole assignment because i have been suffered by giving my assignment to some one and he upload to a website.
//check box array
private ArrayList<JCheckBox> sgrade = new ArrayList<JCheckBox>();
How to get the selected checkbox value and make a query:
string = ""; // create this variable in the class scope
for(JCheckBox jbox: sgrade){
if(box.isSelected()){
string += "'" + box.getText() + "'" + ",";
}
//this will get if a and b selected like this "'a','b'". Now we will put this string in our query
Note: that do not use PrepraedStatement. use only simple Statement
//sql query will be
String sql = "SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Grades IN("+string+")ORDER BY ID DESC ";

Now use some functions to simplify this assignment
BR
Farimarwat

do this... it will save/help ur 75% efforts
as netbean allows for this project.

1. download NETBEAN IDE (this tool help u to create GUI interface easily)
2. check the download section of CS506 there is a tutorial how to use NETBEAN also how to create db link using DNS method.
3. check out this link Designing a Swing GUI in NetBeans IDE - Tutorial (show how to use netbean as well as create GUI interface)
4) here is the JTABLE example. http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/u...tml#simple
5) now u need to write simple code to data access thru SQL and JTABLE (if i have time i will try to post the code otherwise u can write it)

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1. I think Accountant, Manager, Salesman should not be an entity in ER diagram, because there is only one instance of these; therefore, they donot qualify to be an entity.
2. your bmp file is 2.6MB quite heavy to open, kindly post jpg next time.
3. Vendors and Customers I think are correct entities...
4. Also show cardinalities among entities.
5. You may use MS visio which is much better in ER diagrams
6. Remember, this is ER diagram not DFD we don't have to show data flow, but the conceptual database design, which will be the foundation of our logical data design...I hope you understand

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Solution which I uploaded is below, please change it before making and uploading otherwise I will get Zero for having copied from you. thanks.

AMBLER DIVERSIFICATION LIMITEDINCOME STATEMENT

Particulars	Note	Amount Rs.
Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold		17,000,000 5,700,000
Gross Profit		11300000
Less: Administrative Expenses Less: Selling Expenses		2,600,000 4,000,000
Operating Profit		4,700,000
Other Expenses		Nil
Earning Before Interest and Tax (EBIT)		4,700,000
Income Tax (30%)		1,410,000
Profit After Tax		3,290,000

Please note that the one time occurance of an event and loss thereof cannot be shown on the income statement body as it has to show income and an accident which might have caused loss, is not part of the normal operation of the company that is why it will be separately shown (Fin621 Handout Page 38, special items). 

AMBLER DIVERSIFICATION LIMITEDSTATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS

Particulars	Notes	Amount Rs.
Retained Earnings for the year 2010		11,000,000
Overstatement due to Error		745,000
Retained Earnings (correction of Error)		10255000
Difference due new inventory accounting method		(4,800,000)
Retained Earning at the start of 2011		5,455,000
Net Loss on Disposal of Assets		(300,000)
Expenses on Clean Up Process		(350,000)
Net Retained Earnings at the start of 2011		4,805,000
Income after Tax for 2011		3,290,000
Total Retained Earnings at the end of 2011 without payment of dividend		8,095,000

AMBLER DIVERSIFICATION LIMITEDINCOME STATEMENT

Particulars	Note	Amount Rs.
Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold		17,000,000 5,700,000
Gross Profit		11300000
Less: Administrative Expenses Less: Selling Expenses		2,600,000 4,000,000
Operating Profit		4,700,000
Other Expenses

loss on sale of asset 1,700,000 
profit before tax (EBT) 3,000,000 
pretax gains(gain on asset sale) 14,00,000
4,400,000
income tax(30%) 1,3,20,000
profit after tax 3,080,000

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