Naturalistic Observation
Type of observation in which the phenomenon of interest is studied/observed in the natural setting without any interference by the observer; The observer may make narrative records, take field notes, use audio or video equipment, or may use a combination of some or all strategies.
Example:
Let's imagine that you want to study differences in risk taking behavior between teenage boys and girls. You might choose to observe behavior in a few different settings, such as on a sledding hill, a rock-climbing wall, an ice-skating rink and a bumper car ride. After you operationally define "risk-taking behavior," you would then observe teens in these settings and record every incidence of what you define as a risky behavior.
Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
optimal potential.
Example:
A girl having a spirit to achieve a good post.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning approaches uses the rewards and punishment strategies for modifying behaviors.
Example:
If a mother wants her daughter to clean her room then she may give her some
sweets every time she cleans it. Given enough time, the girl will start to clean her room more often because she knows she eill get some sweets in return. As a result, the girl’s behavior has been modified, because she learnt to associate
that behavior with a reward.
Empathy
The ability to feel what the client feels.
Example:
Your co-worker has been stabbed in the back by another co-worker and his job is on the line. He could be fired any minute and he’s terrified – the bills aren’t going to pay themselves, you know! Your co-worker turns to you for support
Projection
Attributing one’s unwanted thoughts and impulses to others e.g. a person takes bribe and blames the organization for paying him not enough salary.
Example:
If you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you
Observational Learning
Learning the experiences through modeling and imitation. The patient observes
others perform the behavior that he finds difficult to perform. This can be done with live modeling or with video recording.
Example:
In our every life, this is true as well. There are many things that we can do differently if we have an open mind. One example for me would be incorporating school work into my daily schedule. When I first started school. I could not get in enough time to do everything in one day. I had to step back out of myself and find a good way to manage my time. I observed my other friends who were incorporating school into their life, and I had to come up with my own schedule. Observational learning is important in allowing up opening our minds and finding new and productive ways of doing things.
This can come in handy in both our personal and professional lives
Inferiority Complex
The feeling of being less able than others. It affects one’s relationship with others and his achievement in many ways.
Example:
Having different skin color than your peers, (for example you are dark skinned
and all of them are white) and being mocked for that
OR
Being called names like lazy or stupid by teachers and peers
Super Ego
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society
Example:
Suppose you are a small child in a candy store. Your id is "screaming" for candy.
The conscience (part of the superego) is saying, "You know it is wrong to steal candy."
The ego decides that the best way to handle this dilemma is for you to go home and ask your mother for your allowance. Then you can go back and buy the candy, satisfying both the id and the superego.
Classical Conditioning
Is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus starts eliciting a
response that was originally attached to a natural stimulus, because the neutral stimulus has been closely associated with the other stimulus.
Example:
If a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning.
Reinforcement
Increasing the probability that preceding behavior will be repeated through a stimulus.
Example:
Rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its
feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping of the shock.
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